Law is the set of rules that governs a community and is enforced by a controlling authority through penalties. It is a broad discipline that covers many different subjects and aspects of life.

A central concept of law is the separation of powers between legislative, executive and judicial branches of government. This is meant to ensure that no one person or group can gain absolute power and be above the law. James Madison said that the Constitution was designed to prevent “a tyranny over men.”

The most important role of the law is ensuring a safe and peaceful society. It provides a way for people to settle disputes without violence and with respect for individual rights. For example, if two people are both claiming ownership of a piece of property, the law can decide who owns it and provide compensation for any losses. It also ensures that all people are treated fairly and have the same rights in a society.

Another important role of the law is regulating certain activities that are considered harmful or dangerous to the community. This can include preventing fraud and protecting public health. In addition, the law may regulate certain products and services to protect consumers and the environment.

Other aspects of the law cover relationships between individuals. Contract law regulates agreements between parties, such as a car lease or a business contract. Property law defines a person’s rights and duties toward tangible (physical) property, such as houses or cars, as well as intangible property, such as bank accounts or stocks. Labour law covers the tripartite relationship between employer, worker and trade union and includes workplace rights like a minimum wage or sick leave. Criminal law defines what is and is not permissible behavior, and the punishments that can be applied if someone breaks the law.

The laws of a nation vary widely, but they typically include a constitution that explains how the law is made and enforced. Other important concepts are the rule of law, which holds that all citizens have equal rights before the courts, and the principle of legality, which means that the law is not arbitrarily made or applied. The study of law is often referred to as jurisprudence, and is a vital part of the social sciences. It has many applications in politics, economics and history, and it shapes culture in a variety of ways. For more about the law, see the articles on legal terminology; legal profession; legal education; and a glossary of terms. For an overview of the law’s relationship to politics, see political system. For an examination of specific topics, see administrative law; aviation law; bankruptcy; contract law; constitutional law; employment law; international law; family law; and medical jurisprudence.